Cantabrian War

Dates: 29/28-19 B.C. Rome won the Cantabrian War, in Spain, during the rule of the first emperor, Octavian, who had recently earned the title by which we know him, Augustus. Although Augustus brought troops from Rome to the battlefront  and unintentionally brought about victory, he had retired from battle when victory was achieved. Augustus left a stepson and a nephew, the aediles Tiberius and Marcellus, to hold the victory celebration. He also left Lucius Aemilius to serve as governor when he returned home. The victory celebration was premature. So was Augustus closing of the Janus gates of peace. While I may have aroused your curiosity, this war is not one of the more popular ones for study. As the great 20th century, Oxford-based, Roman historian Ronald Syme wrote: It is in no way surprising that the Spanish War of Augustus should have commanded so little attention in modern times; and it might well be asked how far such a subject can repay study. In comparison with the wars in Germany and Illyricum, with the momentous vicissitudes of the frontier policy of Augustus, the subjugation of Northwestern Spain seems dull and tedious.The Spanish War of Augustus (26-25 B. C.)Ronald SymeThe American Journal of Philology, Vol. 55, No. 4 (1934), pp. 293-317 The 4th-5th-century Christian historian Paulus Orosius [The Seven Books of History Against the Pagans] says that in 27 B.C., when Augustus and his right-hand man Agrippa were consuls, Augustus decided it was time to subdue the border-raiding Cantabri and Astures. These tribes lived in the northern part of Spain, by the Pyrenees, in the province of Gallacia. In his 2010 Legions of Rome: The Definitive History of Every Imperial Roman Legion, Australian writer Stephen Dando-Collins says when Augustus headed from Rome to Spain, he took some of his Praetorian Guard with him, members of which he later gave land from the conquered territory. Augustus was embarrassed by his inability to clinch the battle, became ill, and retired to Taracco. The legates left in charge of the Roman legions in the area, Antistius and Firmius, won surrender through a combination of their skill and the enemys treachery -- the Astures betrayed their own people. Dando-Collins says the Cantabrian forces had resisted the type of battle formation Rome preferred because their strength lay in fighting from a distance so they could hurl their weapon of choice, the javelin: But these peoples would neither yield to him, because they were confident on account of their strongholds, nor would they come to close quarters, owing to their inferior numbers and the circumstance that most of them were javelin-throwers....Cassisus DioFor extended passages from Cassius Dio and others on the Cantabrian War, see Sources. Augustus Departure Leads to Over-Confidence The tribes successfully avoided being roped into other types of engagements until Augustus retired to Taracco. Then, believing Augustus had given up, they felt superior to the legates. So they allowed themselves to be drawn into the Roman-preferred, set-piece battle, with consequences disastrous to them: Accordingly Augustus found himself in very great embarrassment, and having fallen ill from over-exertion and anxiety, he retired to Tarraco and there remained in poor health. Meanwhile Gaius Antistius fought against them and accomplished a good deal, not because he was a better general than Augustus, but because the barbarians felt contempt for him and so joined battle with the Romans and were defeated.Cassisus Dio Victorious, Augustus gave two of the legions the honorary title of Augusta, becoming the 1st and 2nd Augusta, according to Dando-Collins. Augustus left Spain to return home, where he closed the Janus gates for the second time in his reign, but the fourth time in Roman history, according to Orosius. Caesar carried away this reward from his Cantabrian victory: he could now order the gates of war to be barred fast. Thus for a second time in these days, through Caesars efforts, Janus was closed; this was the fourth time that this had happened since the founding of the City.Orosius Book 6 Cantabrian Treachery and Punishment Meanwhile... the surviving Cantabrians and Asturians, according to Dando-Collins, acted as they had done repeatedly before, with trickery. They told governor Lucius Aemilius they wished to give the Romans gifts in token of their acceptance of the Romans  and asked him to send a sizable number of soldiers to transport the gifts. Foolishly (or without the advantage of hindsight), Aemilius obliged. The tribes executed the soldiers, starting a new round. Aemilius renewed the fighting, won a devastating victory, and then removed the hands of the soldiers he defeated. Even this wasnt the end of it. Again, according to Dando-Collins, Agrippa faced rebel Cantabrians -- slaves who had escaped and returned to their mountainous homes and those of their countrymen they could persuade to join them. Although Florus says Agrippa was in Spain at an earlier date, Syme says he didnt get there until 19 B.C. Agrippas own troops were getting on and were tired of fighting. Although Agrippa won the round of anti-Cantabrian fighting, he wasnt happy about the way the campaign had gone and so declined the honor of a triumph. To punish his less than competent troops, he demoted a legion, probably the 1st Augusta (Syme), by stripping it of its honorary title. He captured all the Cantabrians, executed the military aged men and forced all the mountain folk to live down on the plains. Rome experienced only minor difficulties afterward. It was only in 19 B.C. that Rome could finally say it had subjugated Spain (Hispania), ending the  conflict that had started about 200 years earlier during the conflict with Carthage. Roman Legions Involved (Source: Dando-Collins): 1st Legion2nd Legion (later the 2nd Augusta)4th Macedonia5th Alaudae6th Legion (later the 6th Victrix)9th Hispana10th Gemina20th Legion Governors of the Spanish Provinces (Source: Syme) Tarraconensis (Hispania Citerior) Lusitania (Hispania Ulterior) 27-24 C. Antistius Vetus24-22 L. Aemiliusor L. (Aelius) Lamia22-19 C. Furnius19-17 P. Silius Nerva26-22 P. Carisius19 ? L. Sestius Next: Ancient Sources on the Cantabrian War The sources on this war are confusing. I have followed Syme, Dando-Collins and then the sources, as much as possible, but if you have corrections to make, please let me know. Thanks in advance.

Essay On Investigative Journalism - 1366 Words

Complicating definitions: Latin American watchdogs [en] el periodismo de investigacià ³n†¦, sos tan grande como el enemigo que elegà ­s o como el desafà ­o que elegà ­s†¦ eso es lo que define tu capacidad de grandeza Eduardo Galeano (interviewed by Faà ºndez, 2002: 11) The narratives and the evidence about the status of IJ in Latin America are contradictory. For some, there is an increasing practice of this genre of journalism (Alves, 2005; Castillo, 2016; Joyce, Saldaà ±a, Schmitz Weiss, Alves, 2017) while for others, there is a relative declining of it (Dermota, 2002). These perceptions heavily depends on the chosen type of medium (newspapers, television, digital), the massiveness of them (mainstream or independent/non-profit), or the period of†¦show more content†¦Indeed, these countries share certain backgrounds, such economic crisis in the 1980s and the 1990s and the consequential foreign debt and adjustment policies, high inequality, poverty, and a skyrocketing corruption that came afterwards. Expressed in particular local tones, these features have framed Latin America’s entrance to neoliberalism during the 1990s. Violence in different shapes is also a common ground for Latin American societies, but with different patterns. For example, drug trafficking and drug lords’ violence –eventually in partnership with local authorities- are rather a familiar experience for Colombian and Mexican media workers, while political state violence was a landmark during dictatorships in South America. Cases of these unlikely experiences of violence against journalists populate this landscape. Colombian editor, Guillermo Cano, was killed by gunmen in Medellà ­n (Colombia) in the 1980s, as well as occurred to Javier Valdez in Cualiacà ¡n (Mà ©xico) in 2017; while reporters Rodolfo Walsh and Josà © Carrasco Tapia were victims of state polices’ brutality in Argentina in the 1970s and in Chile in the 1980s, respectively. Although violence was the shared feature of these cases, the contexts, the driven forces, and the journalists as targets vary. Precisely these Latin American particularities –among others- have challenged the established Anglo-American operationalization of IJ andShow MoreRelatedInvestigative Journalism Specialization Essay554 Words   |  3 PagesI was working for six months on my thesis research, a journalistic investigation entitled â€Å"The Other Side of Ecomafia †. 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Freedom of press wasn’t exactly in styleRead MoreAl Jazeera and CNN1741 Words   |  7 Pageschallenged the CNN because it has juxtaposed itself with the few media conglomerates that have monopolized the market and they have highlighted the profit media outlets tendency to â€Å"emphasize or ignore stories to serve their corporate purpose† 3. This essay will unpack the issues that accompany the journalistic trends and what drives these trends in both the non-profit media outlet Al Jazeera and the profit media outlet CNN. It will discuss the issues that an emphasis on profits have on the public sphereRead MoreAnalysis Of The Editorial Rolling Papers The Denver Posts Fall From Grace 1378 Words   |  6 PagesKevin Lu Leonard Maltin CTCS-466 31 March 2016 Rolling Papers Film Essay Mitch Dickman’s Rolling Papers documents The Denver Posts fall from grace in the midst of Colorado’s legalization of marijuana. Although some may argue the message behind this film is the promotion and avocation of the legalization of marijuana, it actually depicts just how desperate print journalism is to survive in this age of social media and instant gratification. The film carries itself with a certain novelty as it triesRead MoreThe Role Of Journalism And Democracy And What Is The Most Powerful Current Threat That Role?2113 Words   |  9 PagesTHE ROLE OF JOURNALISM IN DEMOCRACY AND WHAT IS THE MOST POWERFUL CURRENT THREAT TO THAT ROLE? Journalism and democracy are arguably inextricably intertwined concepts, each having a vital role in the effective function of the other. Democracy as a term and an inherent notion finds it origins from Ancient Greece with the term being derived from the Ancient Greek words ‘demos’ – people and ‘kratia’ – power (The Daily Miracle: An Intriduction to JOuranlism p. 45). Traditionally, journalism has been consideredRead MoreWhat ´s Watchdog Journalism?2557 Words   |  10 PagesWatchdog journalism ideally involves independent scrutiny of the government and preventing abuses of power, with the goal of bringing issues such as abuses of power and corruption to the public eye. However, with the large turnkey costs involved with opening a media company (whether is be radio, tv or print) and the relatively low profit margin it is not the most realistic idea for news outlets. Due to the many large media outlets reducing the numbers of journalists dram atically, and an increasedRead MoreDiscuss the Relationship Between Public Relations and News Sources. How Does the Relationship Impact on the News Product?2572 Words   |  11 Pagesadopt the point of view. This essay aims to analyse the relationship between the industry of Public Relations and different types of sources that are seeking to gain media coverage, in order to support the argument that the PR industry is now a dominating source of information subsidy for journalists. It then asks the question ‘is the impact on the news product accurate and neutral?’ I will define and explain the elements that build Public Relations, journalism and news sources, discuss the evidence

Basic Syntactic Notions free essay sample

The relation between a unit and other units (inner relations between units). No unit can be used independently; it serves as an element in the system of other units. This kind of meaning is called syntactic. Formal relation of units to one another is studied by syntactics (or syntax). Only inner (syntactic) relations between linguistic units served the basis for linguistic analysis while the reference of words to the objective reality and language users were actually not considered Syntactic units can go into 3 types of syntactic relations. SR1 can be observed on the phrase, sentence and text levels. Coordination may be symmetric and asymmetric. Symmetric coordination is characterized by complete interchangeability of its elements – pens and pencils. Asymmetric coordination occurs when the position of elements is fixed: ladies and gentlemen. Forms of connection within SR1 may be copulative (you and me), disjunctive (you or me), adversative (strict but just) and causative-consecutive (sentence and text level only). We will write a custom essay sample on Basic Syntactic Notions or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Subordination (SR2) – syntagmatic relations of dependence. SR2 are established between the constituents of different linguistic rank. They are observed on the phrase and sentence level. Subordination may be of three different kinds – adverbial (to speak slowly), objective (to see a house) and attributive (a beautiful flower). Forms of subordination may also be different – agreement (this book – these books), government (help us), adjournment (the use of modifying particles just, only, even, etc.  and enclosure (the use of modal words and their equivalents really, after all, etc. ). Predication (SR3) – syntagmatic relations of interdependence. Predication may be of two kinds – primary (sentence level) and secondary (phrase level). Primary predication is observed between the subject and the predicate of the sentence while secondary predication is observed between non-finite forms of the verb and nominal elements within the sentence. Secondary predication serves the basis for gerundial, infinitive and participial word-groups.

Should Robots Replace Human Beings-Free-Samples for Students

Question: Discuss about the whether Robots should replace humans in future and whether the actions of Robots will encompass moral standards. Answer: Background Robots empowered by artificial intelligence have been proven to be very efficient in conducting all kinds of operations that were being done by humans till date. Detecting fraud, conducting research, optimization of logistics translating languages can all be done by robots in the modern era of technological advancement (Russell and Norvig, 2016). These Robots, driven by artificial intelligence aim to revolutionize the modern society. Tech giants such Microsoft, Amazon, IBM and Facebook have been conducting research in the field of artificial intelligence and believe that artificial intelligence has enormous potential to revolutionize the world. However, with the advent of this rapidly emerging technology, several ethical issues have surfaced. The question of whether robots empowered by such artificial intelligence will be able to make ethical decisions has been raised. People are worried about the lack of empathy of the machines and are questioning whether the actions of the machines will be guided by the moral principles (Bostrom and Yudkowsky 2014). Another question that has surfaced is how should robots be punished if they violate any of the duties assigned or fail to act according to moral standards. Robots replacing humans could even have adverse effects on humanity. If the jobs that are performed by humans are replaced by Robots, many people could lose their jobs. Since the cost of employment is rising all over the world, replacing workers in factories with robots would lower the cost of manufacturing and production. However, interaction between humans and robots has brought many legal implication and considerations upon the employers. Such employers will incur the liability risk and liability for malfunctioning of such robots (Parviainen and Pirhonen 2017). The best example that can be given in this context is the concept of driver less, automatic cars (Lin 2016). In case of any mechanical failure resulting in an accident wide number of stakeholders will face liability. It can further be said that deploying Robots in a human work place also raises issues of workplace health and safety. Identifying the relevant facts related to the ethical issue Some of the facts that are relevant to the ethical issue and must be discussed in context of the analysis are: Unemployment- The hierarchy of labor will be the worst affected due to the increase in automation. Work involving intensive physical labor has been automated by humans since the time of the industrial revolution so that humans could engage in far more complex tasks such as administrative and strategic work in the globalized society (www.theregister.co.uk 2018). One of the examples that can be given in this context is the trucking industry in the United States of America. It has been promised by the company Tesla that self driven trucks will be widely available in the next ten years. This has raised an important question. What is expected to happen to those employed in the Trucking Industry? Most of the population still earns a living by selling their time with increase in automation many of the people would become unemployed. Inequality- It has been assessed that significant increase in automation will create economic inequality among the people. The economic system of the society in reality is based on compensation to the people for actively contributing to the economy (www.theregister.co.uk 2018) However, substituting people with robots will give provide the opportunity to the majority of the companies to cut down the cost of paying revenues to the people. This will make them earn a higher profit margin. Therefore will lead to a more widening wealth gap. Dealing with the mistakes made by the Robots- It can be said that just like human beings Robots also go through a testing phase where they are designed to detect the right patterns to act according to the input (www.weforum.org 2018). However, machines might sill malfunction even after being tried and tested. Thus the ethical consideration in the given scenario is whether we should rely on the new technology of artificial intelligence to bring about a new era of technology or whether we should be skeptical that such robots might be misused by some individuals for furthering their interests. Security- Security issues have also surfaced with the new generation of technology. Robots can be used for nefarious reasons such as replacing human soldiers (www.weforum.org 2018). Biasness- Artificial Intelligence cannot always be trusted to be fair and Neutral (www.weforum.org 2018). Ai systems that are created by humans can also be influenced by the biasness of such developer However, it used for the right reasons AI could bring about a positive change. Singularity- The ethical question that has been posed is how to stay in control of an advance and complex intelligent system. One of the key reasons for the survival of the human race is human dominance over the other species. However, an important question that has been raised is, will artificial intelligence have the same dominance over the human race. Assumptions to fill gaps of the ethical problems The assumptions that can be made to fill the gaps in publicly available information about the ethical issue in consideration are enumerated below Robots powered by artificial intelligence will not act malfunction Artificial intelligence will have positive impact on the society. Analyzing the ethical issue by Utilitarianism The theory of Utilitarianism states that those actions which produce the maximum utility for the maximum number of people are considered to be ethical (de Lazari-Radek and Singer 2017). Utility can be defined as the summation positive impacts of the actions minus the negative impacts (Barrow 2015). Thus by the application of the theory of Utilitarianism the positive and the negative impacts of the ethical dilemma in this given scenario can be assessed. Positive impacts: Increase of productivity due to higher working capacity and accuracy of Artificial Intelligence Creating benefits for the society Automation can reduce the burden of human beings to undertake labor intensive work. Negative impacts Increased automation will create unemployment for a large number of people Any malfunction of the robots could have detrimental effects on human being who interact with them in the work place. The Robots powered by artificial intelligence can be used for nefarious reasons. They can be used to replace soldiers in the warfare and can also be used furtherance of personal objectives by people. Ethical conclusion Thus by evaluating both the positive and negative impacts of the ethical dilemma, it can be said that though it might seem that the advancement of artificial intelligence might seem beneficial to the society, the negative impacts of the same cannot be undermined. Artificial intelligence will create benefit for some employers who will be able to earn and acquire huge profits. However, it will create unemployment for the working class. It will also increase economic disparity. It can be used against the human race by evil corporations. Thus to conclude, it can be said replacing humans with robots would be unethical if assessed by the principles of Utilitarianism Reference List: World Economic Forum. (2018).Top 9 ethical issues in artificial intelligence. [online] Available at: https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2016/10/top-10-ethical-issues-in-artificial-intelligence/ [Accessed 7 Apr. 2018]. Theregister.co.uk. (2018).Replacing humans with robots in your factories? Hold on just a sec. [online] Available at: https://www.theregister.co.uk/2016/08/30/robots_factories_legal_considerations_out_law/ [Accessed 7 Apr. 2018]. Lin, P., 2016. Why ethics matters for autonomous cars. InAutonomous Driving(pp. 69-85). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg. Parviainen, J. and Pirhonen, J., 2017. Vulnerable Bodies in HumanRobot Interactions: Embodiment as Ethical Issue in Robot Care for the Elderly. de Lazari-Radek, K. and Singer, P., 2017.Utilitarianism: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press. Barrow, R., 2015.Utilitarianism: A contemporary statement. Routledge. Gil, Y., Greaves, M., Hendler, J. and Hirsh, H., 2014. Amplify scientific discovery with artificial intelligence.Science,346(6206), pp.171-172. Russell, S., 2015. Ethics of artificial intelligence.Nature,521(7553), pp.415-416. Bostrom, N. and Yudkowsky, E., 2014. The ethics of artificial intelligence.The Cambridge handbook of artificial intelligence, pp.316-334. Russell, S.J. and Norvig, P., 2016.Artificial intelligence: a modern approach. Malaysia; Pearson Education Limited

Anatomy of Sex Essay Example

Anatomy of Sex Essay Example Anatomy of Sex Essay Anatomy of Sex Essay Advertising generally assigns quite varied gender roles to both males and females. For example, women are depicted as carrying out tasks that are related to the household such as taking care of children, preparing food, and tending to their husbands. Such depiction essentially assigns ladies the domestic roles of housewives. Conversely, men in advertising are usually depicted as doing more strenuous and challenging tasks such as working in mines, factories, and elegant blue chip companies. Such portrayal allocates challenging tasks which usually require careful mental input to men. How have women been depicted in advertising? In advertising, women are usually depicted as weak individuals who thrive on fantasy as opposed to reality. Further, adverts generally depict women as being inferior to men and thus doing as the men require them to do. This concept is related to the pattern of depicting women as add-ons to men whereby women act as adornments to various entities. For example, beautiful women are featured on adverts popularizing some stunning entities with the view that the women will make the item more acceptable. How does advertising affect the lives of girls? Due to the allure that is usually associated with advertising, girls are usually negatively influenced by adverts. For example, when very thin models are employed in such adverts, impressionable girls usually strive to have physiques resembling those of the models. To this end, the naive girls usually engage in dangerous activities, such as anorexia nervosa, in a bid to resemble advert models. Girls thus suffer due to advertising. How does advertising affect the lives of boys? Owing to the aggressive nature that is encouraged by adverts, boys usually adopt behaviors that degrade and objectify women. The boys thus lose their respect for women and subsequently find having meaningful relationships with women very hard. Are there any biases in this film? There are obvious biases in Jean Kilbourne’s Killing us Softly 3: Advertisings Image of Women movie because the director seeks to portray women as disenfranchised characters in society. The movie is thus aligned towards femininity, blaming men for women’s woes and urging women to reject this trend. HSC 425I: Human Sexuality â€Å"Anatomy of Sex† Discussion Questions: How has evolution affected sex between humans? Evolution has made humans to adopt new styles and modes of conducting sexual intercourse. For example, with time, humans have devised a myriad of sex poses. Further, time has enabled humans to learn of extra ways of conducting sexual intercourse, including oral and anal sex. How did the participants in the film describe orgasms? The film’s participants described orgasms as indescribable phenomena that leave sex partners almost unconscious due to extreme joy. Further, orgasms are described as making the human body to relax in a pleasant way. How did the MRI images change thinking about intercourse? The presentation of MRI photos has altered thoughts on intercourse because through such images, it is discovered that sexual intercourse is a profound biological process that relies on emotional input to succeed. Analyzing this concept shows that intercourse is essentially a natural process that only utilizes minimal emotional input. Thoughts that intercourse is an exclusively emotional activity are thus quashed. How does the brain affect sexual arousal? After a person sees sexually provocative images, signal are send to the brain which after processing relays information to relevant body parts urging for sexual arousal. For instance, the brain may facilitate to increased blood flow into the penis, thus making it bulge. Do you think the film is in anyway biased? Jonathan Grupper’s 2005 Anatomy of Sex movie is not biased in my view because it just candidly presents factual information about intercourse without urging for any specific action. Such objectivity denotes the film as being unbiased. Reference Catterall, M. ; Maclaran, P. ; Stevens, L. (2000). Marketing and feminism: current issues and research. London: Routledge.

James Earl Carter essays

James Earl Carter essays "For this generation, ours, life is nuclear survival, liberty is human rights, and the pursuit of happiness is a planet whose resources are devoted to the physical and spiritual nourishment of its inhabitants. (Carter) Carters political views during his path to the white house brought efficiency to the government, they also included a focus towards human rights. His standing on foreign policy ultimately led him to receiving the Nobel peace prize. Jimmy Carter was born October 1, 1924, in the small farming town of Plains, Georgia, and grew up in the nearby community of Archery. This is where his political background began. According to his bibliography, James Carter was educated in through the publics schools of Plains, then he attended Georgia Southwestern College and the Georgia Institute of Technology. After schooling he joined the navy and received a B.S. degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1946. He accelled himself to great lengths in the navy, he became a naval officer and stayed in the navy for seven more years. In July of 1946 he married Rosalynn Smith.With the news of his fathers death he decided to return home in 1953, so he resigned his naval commission and took his family back to Plains.(Sanger) Carter wasted no time in finding an alternate to the navy. The Jimmy Carter Library noted in their biography that he quickly became a leader of the community, serving on county boards supervising education, the hospital authority, and the library. In 1962 he won an election to the Georgia Senate. In 1962 he entered state politics, and eight years later he was elected Governor of Georgia becoming Georgia's 76th governor. He attracted attention by emphasizing ecology, efficiency in government, and the removal of racial barriers. This ties into the similarity that later becomes his views on Foreign policy during his presidency. According to Brian Baloghs website entitle ...

The Debate on Executive Compensation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

The Debate on Executive Compensation - Essay Example Instead of the inverse proportionality of their pay to the performance of the firm, it should be such that the relationship is directly proportional to each other. Usually, the executive pay is a combination of the salary, extra bonuses, reimbursements, and shares on the company stocks. The compensation is given a stringent configuration to comply with the necessary legal requirement, which includes tax law, regulations of the government, the desires of the company as stipulated by the executives and the organization itself, and of course the reward and performance. Most important is the fact that the executive pay is always a subject of approval from the board of directors and meanings that the salary is predetermined before the actual performance of the executives is noticed (Bertrand and Mullainathan 2001, p.62). Different schools of thoughts have thus arisen over the executive pay by hypothesising on the motivating factor for the increasingly rising pay for the CEOs and two schoo ls of thoughts have been brought forth. ... The other thought process perception is rather opposed to the compensation level and asserts that it is a socially unaccepted phenomenon that is largely fuelled by the social and political order that allows the executives to self-determine their own pay and have absolute control over it (Chen, Liu and Li 2010, p.54). Thus, the payment of the executives is not a covert that is whimsically decided by the CEOs themselves but is also approved by the board of directors who also determine and give consent to the figures. Despite this, the economists are not persuaded by this and therefore maintain that the executives’ pay must be aligned to the performance of the company, without which it is irrational and unjustified (Bruce, Buck and Main 2005, p.41). In reference to the objective brought by the economist over the hefty pays that go to the executives even during the period of economic crunch, this paper critically examines the agency theory and explains why it is impossible to expl ain the compensation of the executives with the provision of the theory. Besides that, the paper also gives comparative approach of evaluation from other theoretical sources that consider the relationship between the principal and the agents apart from the agency theory. The Agency Theory This theory shows the connection that exists between the principals and the negotiators in a business scenario through managing the business affairs to the best interest of each. The principals in the case companies are the shareholders while agents are the executives; in this relation, the agency theory tackles any problem that may arise between the principal and the agent in the course of running the business. Thus, the agency theory is known to be instrumental